English: the elite language for the elites
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.64908/89fcxm80Keywords:
Elites Language, English, Indonesia.Abstract
The notion of Elite multilingualism is deeply related to the current status of the English language in Indonesia as a foreign language, but it is highly desired due to the prestige and power attached to the language. Those who are proficient in English are likely to be hired rather than individuals who do not have the proficiency and it gives access for students to enrol to reputable universities. However, the prestige embedded with English has declined the users of Bahasa Indonesia and social inequality is inevitable due to the limited access to English learning. This essay aims to illuminate what makes English an elite language belongs to the elites by reflecting on relevant literature.
Downloads
References
Agustin, Y. (2015). Kedudukan bahasa Inggris sebagai bahasa pengantar dalamdunia pendidikan. Deiksis, 3(04), 354-364.
Alrajafi, G. (2021). The use of English in Indonesia: status and influence. SIGEH ELT: Journal of Literature and Linguistics, 1(1), 1-10. DOI: https://doi.org/10.36269/sigeh.v1i1.355
Badan Pusat Statistik. (2023, January 16). Badan Pusat Statistik. https://www.bps.go.id/publication/2022/12/07/2b8168cecb67a77ab7a6857d/keadaan-pekerja-di-indonesia-agustus-2022.html
Badriah, S. (2019). Teachers’ Challenges in Classroom Management in Teaching English At Mas Mahdaliyah Jambi. 1–70.
Barakos, E., & Selleck, C. (2019). Elite multilingualism: discourses, practices, and debates. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development, 40(5), 361–374. https://doi.org/10.1080/01434632.2018.1543691 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/01434632.2018.1543691
Beasiswa Prasejahtera. (n.d.). Lpdp.kemenkeu.go.id. Retrieved May 22, 2023, from https://lpdp.kemenkeu.go.id/beasiswa/afirmasi/beasiswa-prasejahtera/
Bidikmisi - Apakah Bidikmisi Itu ? Kenapa bukan disebut Beasiswa ? (n.d.). Bidikmisi - Apakah Bidikmisi Itu ? Kenapa Bukan Disebut Beasiswa ? https://bidikmisi.belmawa.ristekdikti.go.id/petunjuk/3
Bihari Dash, Dr. B. (2022). Significance of Globalisation and English Language. International Journal on Studies in English Language and Literature, 10(5), 10–16. https://doi.org/10.20431/2347-3134.1005002 DOI: https://doi.org/10.20431/2347-3134.1005002
Block, D. (2014). Social class in applied linguistics. Routledge. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315871141
Block, D. (2018). What is language commodification? In S. Breidbach, L. Küster, & B. Schmenk (eds.),Sloganizations in language education discourse. Bristol: Multilingual Matters. DOI: https://doi.org/10.21832/9781788921879-008
Bourdieu, Pierre. 1986. The forms of capital. In J. G. Richardson (ed.), Handbook of Theory and Research in the Sociology of Education, 241–258. New York: Greenwood Press
Bourdieu, Pierre. 1991. Language and Symbolic Power. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press
Cameron, D. (2012). The commodification of language: English as a global commodity. In T. Nevalainen & E. C. Traugott (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of the history of English (pp. 352–361). Oxford: Oxford University Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199922765.013.0031
Codó, E., and A. Sunyol. 2018. “‘A Plus for our Students’: The Construction of Mandarin Chinese as an Elite Language in an International School in Barcelona.” Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development. doi:10.1080/01434632.2018.1543694. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/01434632.2018.1543694
Dardjowidjojo, S. (2003). The socio-political aspects of English in Indonesia: A dilemma. In Sukamto, K.E. (Ed.), Rampai bahasa, pendidikan dan budaya: Kumpulan Esai Soenjono Dardjowidjojo(pp. 51-62).Jakarta: Yayasan Obor Indonesia.
Darmawan, R., Wahyudin, D., & Ali, M. (2020). English Language Teaching Curriculum in Indonesia: Senior High School Teachers’ Perspectives and Practices. Proceedings Ofthe Borneo International Conference on Education and Social Sciences, 229, 248–254. https://doi.org/10.5220/0009019402480254 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5220/0009019402480254
De Costa, P. I. 2018. “Toward Greater Diversity and Social Equality in Language Education Research.” Critical Inquiry in Language Studies, doi:10.1080/15427587.2018.1443267. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/15427587.2018.1443267
Hamdan, K. M. and A. R. (2011). The Teaching Constraints of English as a Foreign Language in Indonesia : The Context of School-Based Curriculum. SOSIOHUMANIKA, 4(2), 287–300.
Hamied, F. A. (2012). English in multicultural and multilingual Indonesian education. In A. Kirkpatrick & R. Sussex (Eds.), English as an international language in Asia: Implications for language education (pp. 63–78). Dordrecht: Springer DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-4578-0_5
Hawanti, S. (2014). Implementing Indonesia's English language teaching policy in primary schools: The role of teachers; knowledge and beliefs. International Journal of Pedagogies and Learning, 9(2), 162–170. https://doi.org/10.1080/18334105.2014.11082029 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/18334105.2014.11082029
Hayes, A., & Setyonaluri, D. (2015). Taking advantage of the demographic dividend in Indonesia. A Brief Introduction to Theory and Practice.
Heller, M., & Duchêne, A. (2016). Treating language as an economic resource: Discourse, data and debate. In N. Coupland (Ed.), Sociolinguistics: Theoretical Debates (pp. 139-156). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/CBO9781107449787.007 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781107449787.007
Hogan-Brun, G. 2017. Linguanomics: What Is the Market Potential of Multilingualism. London: Bloomsbury.practices in the region (pp. 32–40). Bandar Seri Begawan: IELTS DOI: https://doi.org/10.5040/9781474238304
Holborow, M. (2015). Language and neoliberalism. London/New York: Routledge. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315718163
Jon, R. B., Embong, R., Purnama, B., & Wadi, A. S. (2021). The Challenges of English Language Teaching in Indonesia. International Journal of English and Applied Linguistics (IJEAL), 1(3), 158-168. DOI: https://doi.org/10.47709/ijeal.v1i3.1157
Kahar, A. (2022, September 23). Raih Prestasi dan Masa Depan Melalui KIP Kuliah. Puslapdik Kemendikbudristek. Retrieved May 17, 2023, from https://puslapdik.kemdikbud.go.id/kampus-merdeka-siapkan-mahasiswa-hadapi-masa-depan/
Kartu Prakerja Program Management Report 2020. (n.d.). https://static-asset cdn.prakerja.go.id/www/ebookreporting/Kartu_Prakerja_Program_Management_Report_2020_New.pdf
Kementrian Pendidikan dan Kebudayan (2017, December 20). Utamakan Bahasa Indonesia, Lestarikan Bahasa Daerah, dan Kuasai Bahasa. Kementerian Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan. Retrieved May 22, 2023, from https://www.kemdikbud.go.id/main/blog/2017/12/utamakan-bahasa-indonesia-lestarikan-bahasa-daerah-dan-kuasai-bahasa-asing
Lamb, M. & Coleman, H. 2008. ‘Literacy in English and thetransformation of self and society in Post-SoehartoIndonesia.’ International Journal of Bilingual Educationand Bilingualism, 11(2), 189–205. doi:10.2167/beb493.0. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2167/beb493.0
Languages, 90–115. Clevedon, UK: Multilingual Matters
Lauder, A. (2008). The status and function of English in Indonesia: A review of key factors. Makara Human Behavior Studies in Asia, 12(1), 9-20. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7454/mssh.v12i1.128
Lie, A. (2007). Education policy and EFL curriculum in Indonesia: Between the commitment to competence and the quest for higher test scores. TEFLIN journal, 18(1), 01-15.
Moore, R. 2017. “Discourses of Endangerment.” In The Oxford Handbook of Language and Society, edited by O.Garcia, N. Flores, and M. Spotti, 221–242. Oxford: OUP.
Muth, S., Del Percio, A. Policing for commodification: turning communicative resources into commodities. Lang Policy 17, 129–135 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10993-017-9441-7 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10993-017-9441-7
Noprival, N., Rafli, Z., Nuruddin, N., & De Felice, D. (2021). Indonesian Polyglots: Lived
Experiences of Adults Learning Languages Online and Beyond the Classroom. The Qualitative Report, 26(2), 352-366.
Online Courses. (n.d.). Learn English. https://learnenglish.britishcouncil.org/online-courses
Panda, M. (2021). Impact of Globalisation on the English Language and English Language Teaching. language, 8(1), 2021.
Paquet, R. G., and C. Levasseur. 2018. “When Bilingualism isn’t Enough: Perspectives of New Speakers of French on Multilingualism in Montreal.” Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development. doi:10.1080/01434632.2018.1543693. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/01434632.2018.1543693
Park, Joseph Sung-Yul. 2010a. Naturalization of competence and the neoliberal subject: Success stories of English language learning in the Korean conservative press. Journal of Linguistic Anthropology 20(1): 22–38. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1548-1395.2010.01046.x
Park, Joseph Sung-Yul. 2011a. The promise of English: Linguistic capital and the neoliberal worker in the South Korean job market. International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism 14(4): 443–455. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13670050.2011.573067
Pennycook, Alastair. 2007a. The myth of English as an International Language. In Sinfree Makoni and Alastair Pennycook (eds.), Disinventing and Reconstituting Languages, 90–115. Clevedon, UK: Multilingual Matters DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/jj.27939678.8
Permata, N. N., & Hadiani, D. (2018). Pelatihan bahasa Inggris dasar dalam upaya peningkatan kemampuan mahasiswa bidikmisi polman Bandung. Jurnal Pengabdian Kepada Masyarakat, 2(4), 338-341.
Plans and Pricing. (n.d.). English Online. https://englishonline.britishcouncil.org/plans-pricing/
Prayogo, J. A. (2022). English language teaching in indonesia in the 21st century: What needs reinforcing and enhancing for the teachers. KnE Social Sciences, 12-22 DOI: https://doi.org/10.18502/kss.v7i7.10645
Roziqin, A., & Yusuf, I. M. (2019). Implementasi Kebijakan Beasiswa Bidikmisi: Studi Kasus di Universitas Diponegoro (2018). Publik (Jurnal Ilmu Administrasi), 8(2), 110-122. DOI: https://doi.org/10.31314/pjia.8.2.110-122.2019
Sayers, D., and P. Lea Láncos. 2017. “(Re)Defining Linguistic Diversity: What Is Being Protected in European Language Policy?” Sky Journal of Linguistics 30: 35–73.
Setiawan, D. (2016). English Code Switching in Indonesian Language. Universal Journal of Educational Research, 4(7), 1545-1552. DOI: https://doi.org/10.13189/ujer.2016.040707
Setyaningrum, A. (2016). The role of English education as the solution of the social welfare problem in Indonesia. QIJIS: Qudus International Journal of Islamic Studies, 4(2), 186-200. DOI: https://doi.org/10.21043/qijis.v4i2.1789
Simpson, W., & O'Regan, J. P. (2018). Fetishism and the language commodity: A materialist critique. Language Sciences, 70, 155-166. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.langsci.2018.05.009
Situmorang, M. K. T., Mono, U., & Perangin-angin, A. B. (2023). Language Production among Multilingual Children: Insights on Code Mixing. Jurnal Bahasa dan Sastra, 11(1), 68-74. DOI: https://doi.org/10.24036/jbs.v11i1.117784
Stoicheva, M. (2016). Urban multilingualism: Bond or barrier?. The Multilingual City: Vitality, conflict and change. Bristol: Multilingual Matters, 85-113. DOI: https://doi.org/10.21832/9781783094783-007
Sukmahidayanti, T. (2015). The Utilization of Instructional Media in Teaching English to Young Learners ( A Case Study of an Elementary School Teacher in Bandung ). Journal of English and Education, 3(2), 90–100
Sung-Yul Park, J., & Wee, L. (2012). Markets of English: Linguistic Capital and Language Policy in a Globalizing World (1st ed.). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203120323 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203120323
Suryahadi, A., Raya, U. R., Marbun, D., & Yumna, A. (2012). Accelerating poverty and vulnerability reduction: trends, opportunities and constraints. SMERU Research Institute.http://www.smeru.or.id/report/workpaper/povertyvulnerabilityreduction/povertyvulnerabilityreduction.pdf
Tan, Peter, and Rubdy, Rani (eds.). 2008. Language as Commodity: Global Structures and Local Marketplaces. London: Continuum.
Wahyuni, D. (2014). English as a Treat and a Threat: Why teachers should be Aware of Critical Language Awareness. Proceedings of ISELT FBS Universitas Negeri Padang, 2, 91-99.
Wimayanti, N. L. D. (2023). LEXICON AND SYNTACTIC DEVELOPMENT OF INDONESIAN-BALINESE BILINGUAL CHILDREN (Doctoral dissertation, Universitas Pendidikan Ganesha).
Wisnumurti, A. A. G. O., Darma, I. K., & Suasih, N. N. R. (2018). Government policy of Indonesia to managing demographic bonus and creating Indonesia gold in 2045. Journal Of Humanities And Social Science (IOSR-JHSS), 23(1), 23-34.
Zein, M. S. 2013. ‘Language teacher education for primary school English teachers in Indonesia: Policy recommendations’. Unpublished doctoral thesis. Canberra: The Australian National University.
Zein, S. (2019). English, multilingualism and globalisation in Indonesia: A love triangle: Why Indonesia should move towards multilingual education. English Today, 35(1), 48-53. https://doi.org/10.1017/S026607841800010X DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S026607841800010X